-- Critical Media Literacy
in Times of War


-- Introduction to the Site
-- Modules
-- Afghanistan
-- Introduction

-- Background
-- Media Coverage
-- How Many Protested?
-- Crowd Size Sept. '01
-- Crowd Size April '02
-- Was Reporting Fair?
-- Comparing Reports
-- Comparing Reports, con't
-- Why Underreporting?

-- Tones and Headlines, Sept. '01 protests
-- Tones and Headlines, April '02 protests
-- Comparing Positions
-- Civilian Casualties
-- How Many Civilians Died?
-- Tones and Headlines
-- U.S. Raid, Oct 11, 2001
-- U.S. Raid, Oct 11, 2001 con't
(you are here)
-- U.S. Raid, Oct 11, 2001, part 3
-- Was the Media Told?
-- Networks Follow Orders!

CIVILIAN CASUALTIES

Tone and Headlines

U.S. Aircraft Bombing Raid, Karam, Afghanistan, October 11, 2001

Different word choice and content within headlines and in article content can create different impressions about an issue and reveal the positions of the authors or the media source. Headlines are particularly important because often that is all a reader may see.

Pay attention to the word choice of the highlighted sections and the content and consider whether these suggest an editorial position sympathetic or contrary to the position of the protesters or that depict the protest as either significant or insignificant.

CNN.com"U.S. airstrikes slam multiple Afghan targets," October 12, 2001, (Note:CNN.com places this one mention of the bombing deaths at the end of an article on another topic.)

This phrasing avoids images of real people; 'targets' makes deaths bound like intended successes.

CNN.com"[US Defense Secretary] Rumsfeld reacted angrily Thursday afternoon to Taliban accusations that the United States was deliberately targeting civilians. The Taliban envoy to Pakistan had suggested early in the day that 200 civilians had been killed during the airstrikes. Rumsfeld repeated tact the United States and Britain...were targeting only militarily significant targets. That said, Rumsfeld added that he was regretful that the loss of innocent life in such an operation was unavoidable.

These headlines emphasize Rumsfeld's emotion and point of view rather than civilian deaths, dismiss the possible validity of Taliban accounts of civilian deaths, and uses word choice ("had suggested") to downplay the possible truth of the account that 200 civilians were killed.

Fox News Channel"U.S. Resumes Airstrikes in Afghanistan" (October 12, 2001)
"The Taliban claimed that at least 200 villagers were killed by a missile strike in Karam... British officials dismissed the report as propaganda."

The headline makes no mention of civilians killed. The following phrases imply that the Taliban "claim" is not supported and place the British officials' claim as the last sentence, legitimizing the British claim over the Taliban's.

Fox News Channel"The Allied forces engaged in bombing have stressed that civilians are not the targets of bombing while acknowledging that some casualties are inevitable. 'There is no questions but that when one is engaged militarily that there are going to be unintended loss of life," Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said. "Casualty reports from within Afghanistan are extremely difficult to verify."

This quote concludes the question of civilian deaths by implying that all Afghanistan accounts are questionable.

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Virginia Tech, All Rights Reserved.
Women's Studies and Science and Technology Studies
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Last updated. July 6, 2003