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-- Critical
Media Literacy
in Times of War
-- Introduction
to the Site
-- Modules
-- Afghanistan
-- Introduction
--
Background
--
Media Coverage
--
How Many Protested?
--
Crowd Size Sept. '01
-- Crowd
Size April '02
--
Was Reporting Fair?
-- Comparing
Reports
-- Comparing
Reports, con't
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Why Underreporting?
--
Tones and Headlines, Sept. '01 protests
-- Tones
and Headlines, April '02 protests
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Comparing Positions
-- Civilian
Casualties
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How Many Civilians Died?
--
Tones and Headlines
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U.S. Raid, Oct 11, 2001
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U.S. Raid, Oct 11, 2001 con't
(you are here)
--
U.S. Raid, Oct 11, 2001, part 3
-- Was
the Media Told?
-- Networks
Follow Orders! |
CIVILIAN
CASUALTIES
Tone
and Headlines
U.S.
Aircraft Bombing Raid, Karam, Afghanistan, October 11, 2001
Different
word choice and content within headlines and in article content can create
different impressions about an issue and reveal the positions of the authors
or the media source. Headlines are particularly important because often
that is all a reader may see.
Pay
attention to the word choice of the highlighted
sections and the content and consider whether these suggest an editorial
position sympathetic or contrary to the position of the protesters or
that depict the protest as either significant or insignificant.
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"U.S.
airstrikes slam multiple Afghan targets,"
October 12, 2001, (Note:CNN.com places this one mention of the bombing
deaths at the end of an article on another topic.)
This
phrasing avoids images of real people; 'targets' makes deaths bound
like intended successes.
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"[US
Defense Secretary] Rumsfeld reacted angrily
Thursday afternoon to Taliban accusations
that the United States was deliberately targeting civilians. The
Taliban envoy to Pakistan had suggested
early in the day that 200 civilians had been killed during the airstrikes.
Rumsfeld repeated tact the United States and Britain...were targeting
only militarily significant targets. That said, Rumsfeld added that
he was regretful that the loss of innocent life in such an operation
was unavoidable.
These
headlines emphasize Rumsfeld's emotion and point of view rather than
civilian deaths, dismiss the possible validity of Taliban accounts
of civilian deaths, and uses word choice ("had suggested")
to downplay the possible truth of the account that 200 civilians were
killed. |
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"U.S.
Resumes Airstrikes in Afghanistan"
(October 12, 2001)
"The Taliban claimed that at least
200 villagers were killed by a missile strike in Karam... British
officials dismissed the report as propaganda."
The
headline makes no mention of civilians killed. The following phrases
imply that the Taliban "claim" is not supported and place
the British officials' claim as the last sentence, legitimizing
the British claim over the Taliban's.
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"The
Allied forces engaged in bombing have stressed that civilians are
not the targets of bombing while acknowledging that some casualties
are inevitable. 'There is no questions but that when one is engaged
militarily that there are going to be unintended loss of life,"
Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said. "Casualty
reports from within Afghanistan are extremely difficult to verify."
This
quote concludes the question of civilian deaths by implying that
all Afghanistan accounts are questionable.
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